Learning disabilities and special education

The Article on Learning Disability provided by Psychology Today details the various dimensions of learning disability which thrusts on the following: its definition, symptoms, causes, and treatment. To start off, learning disability refers to the child’s difficulty of translating to their brain what their visual and auditory senses produce. The symptoms of this disorder are categorized into the following: â€Å"language disorders, developmental speech disorders, academic abilities disorders†, and the other category which includes certain coordination disorders and learning handicaps not covered by the previous terms. There is no single concrete explanation to why this disorder has developed but several theories accounted several factors such as errors in fetal brain development, genetic, use of alcohol and drugs, problems during pregnancy, and toxins in the child’s environment. All of these factors contribute to one’s understanding of the existence of such kind of disorder. Several steps have been taken to minimize the adverse effects of this learning disorder such as medication and therapy (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). From a psychological standpoint, I appreciate the various theoretical offerings on the causes of learning disorder of this article. However, I believe that one of the important dichotomies in psychology was underrated by this work, i.e. the genetic vs. environment consideration. Although genetic factors complemented by the cellular basis of learning were considered, the social environment of the child definitely plays a role here as well. This article should have explored on this aspect too. Psychological studies, indeed, have shown that both genes and environment are major determinants of many major human processes (Smith et al., 2003). In addition, the socialization process goes with it too. Although this article is mainly about learning disabilities, the inclusion of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, though spurious for this matter, is a beneficial one. It was able to present how learning disability becomes an inevitable consequence of the presence of ADHD. Further, it goes to show several remedial processes that one may undergo to defeat the effects of ADHD and learning disorder – such as medication, therapy, and educational options. The social impact of learning disorder was also mentioned in this article, which is a valuable aspect to look on. Children who suffer from this disorder also suffer from frustration and low self-esteem. Indeed, this is serious matter. The good thing is that several laws have been passed in relation to this problem. First, children with this disorder are guaranteed of free public education which is intended to respond to their specific needs (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). This is supported by a particular stipulation under section 200.2 of Part 2 Regulations of NYS school codes which specifies that an arrangement of special education programs and services for a preschool student with a disability shall be made. This is a very important undertaking in relation to the development of children with learning disorder (New York State Education Website, 2005). This regulation acknowledges the differences of children’s learning development and gives special focus and treatment on children with deficiency on this. How valuable is this if you would ask me? Very much as it goes to show that the state moves toward the enrichment of every member of the society and further, this move minimizes the inequality set forth by this kind of disorder. This claim can is substantiated by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 which ensures equal job opportunity among people with learning disorder. This also orders employers to make reasonable accommodations to workers with this disorder (MedicineNet Inc, 2002). The importance of parental and academic factors in the detection of learning disorder, which was highlighted in the article, can also be seen on the Individual evaluation and reevaluation stipulation under 200.4 which states that developmental and educational information of the student must be gathered plus a physical examination, observation of the student in the educational placement, and a social history are all required (New York State Education Website, 2005). The need for social history underscores the importance of the child’s social environment as a determinant of LD, which is concurrent with the previous point that I have raised. Second, the importance of parental role was accounted for in this stipulation. The information gathered from the parent is required in the evaluation of students with learning disability. In conclusion, learning disability is as crucial as how we perceive it to be. It affects an individual’s normal functioning; and worse, it affects the attainment of one’s fullest potential. But on a lighter note, several measures have been formulated. Thus, the partnership of parents, teachers, and the state is an important element in assisting children with learning disorder. Further, this partnership has the capacity to help these children in attaining their precious little dreams. REFERENCES New York State Education Website (2005). Regulation of the Commissioner of EducationPart 200- Students   with Disabilities. Retrieved October 27, 2006 from Smith, E.E. et al. (2003). Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology 14th edition. Australia: Thomson & Wadsworth.

Erik Erikson and Adult Learning Essay

Born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany, Erik Erikson was regarded as a major influence in contemporary psychoanalysis. Erikson was interested in arts so he moved to Florence after finishing high school. In 1927, he taught arts in a school psychoanalytically influenced children school spearheaded by Dorothy Burlingham and Freud’s daughter, Anna, in Vienna (Erikson Institute, 2003). This move would have a major influence in the life and works of Erik Erikson. Upon recognizing that he has skills with children, Anna Freud, Sigmund’s daughter, placed him under her wings and began teaching him. Eventually, he trained and eventually received certification from Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.   After getting certified by Maria Montessori School, he underwent training in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1936, he became a member of the Institute of Human Relations, which is a branch of the Psychiatry Department of Yale University (Erikson Institute, 2003). Major Contribution in Psychology Erik Erikson became famous because of his eight stages of development. According to him, every stage in a man’s life is accompanied by certain psychological conflicts. He theorized that the development of personality of an individual is a life long process. The events they encounter in the latter stages of life can treat early childhood problems. His eight stages of development explained why an individual who was not able to resolve a childhood problem finds it difficult to resolve it during adulthood (Erikson Institute, 2003). Each stage of life is important because how well the child performed during the previous phase determined how they can cope with the next stages. Erikson called this the epigenetic principle (Boeree, 2006).   Erik Erikson authored several books that explained his theory, the most notable of which is Childhood and Society which was released in 1950. In 1969, Erikson won the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for his book Gandhi’s Truth, which delved on the application of the eight stages of development in the latter portion of an individual’s life cycle(NNDB, n.d). Stage Six: Intimacy vs. Isolation This is the sixth stage in Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial phases of development. It takes place from 18 to 30 years old. In general, the child faces the dilemma of achieving intimacy or staying isolated. This stage likewise involves a struggle for promiscuity, which is a trait of being too close for comfort and not being able to follow through with the momentum, versus exclusion, which is characterized by rejection of relationships (Boeree, 2006). Intimacy, according to Erikson, is the ability to develop social relationships with other people either as a partner, friend, or member of a community. If the child was able to develop a clear picture of themselves during the early stages, they should no longer be intimidated by other people (Sante Fe Community College, n.d). According to this stage, when an individual has established a strong sense of identity, they can start expanding to the people around him. Intimacy is best seen in a person’s capacity to enter relationships, making friends, getting married, and finally settling down. An individual who successfully pass through this stage can experience feels comfortable with relationships and has a strong sense of commitment (Santa Fe Community College, n.d). On the other hand, the consequence of being unsuccessful in completing this stage of development is isolation. The individual is not comfortable with being with friends, entering relationships, or being intimate with another person. Isolation results from the failure to establish self-identity (Niolon, n.d). A child who experiences isolation prefers to be alone excludes themselves from the company of others. The end result of isolation, in the context of Erikson’s stages of development, is loneliness, despair, or depression. People who are unable to successfully pass this stage prefer working on lowly jobs which offer below minimum wage (AllPsychOnline, 2004). References AllPsychOnline(2004 March 21). Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved June 26   Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from Boeree, G. Erik Erikson. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Erikson Institute(2003 May 1). Erik Erikson(1902-1994). Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NNDB(n.d). Erik Erikson. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚   Niolin, R(n.d). Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development. Resources for Students and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professionals. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Santa Fe Community College(n.d). Self-Reflections on Young Adulthood using Erikson’s Theory of   Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychosocial Development. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Plan for auto company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Plan for auto company - Essay Example Competition is expected from other companies that will come up with other means of fighting the environmental pollution that is brought about by motor vehicles releasing toxic gasses into the environment. Competition is also expected from other industrial players who will start producing products that are similar to Pollution Solution’s Emission Filter. With the introduction of the company’s product in the market, competitors will start producing similar goods (Calantone, 2004). The company has a competitive edge because it is the pioneering company that has come up with a product that will play an important role in ensuring that emissions from the motor vehicles has been impacting the environment negatively. The organization projects rigorous marketing so that the target population becomes aware of the existence of the product. The company will use both print and electronic media to reach out to the target population. The target population is of people who would visit motor vehicle dealerships and spares shops and hence, some media will be used in these areas to reach out to the target population. The emission filter will be made available to the target population through good pricing. However, distributors will be used to distribute the product. Large scale distributors will be given a credit policy where they can buy large amounts of the product and distributes for them to pay back later. The individual customer however cannot access the credit facilitie s (Calantone, 2004). The organization has a well developed team that is working towards ensuring that the product is a success in the market. This means that the organization has put in place a marketing team that will ensure that the organization is successful in the short term and long term objectives. The marketing team will be headed by professional marketers who will ensure that they use the right

The Lawrence Sports Simulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Lawrence Sports Simulation - Research Paper Example There must be: three alternative working capital policies which reduce future difficulties; a recommendation on policy and an evaluation of risk associated with the recommendation; contingencies for the recommendation; performance measures used to evaluate the recommendation; an implementation plan for the recommendation; a discussion and explanation of the recommendation; a review of the cash conversion cycle for Lawrence Sports; an explanation of the importance of the cash conversion cycle to its working capital management; and a conclusion. II. Three Alternative Working Capital Policies Which Reduce Future Difficulties There are three working capital policies which have to be put in place in order to reduce future difficulties as a company. First and foremost, Lawrence Sports must realize that it can’t make more payments than purchases—as it started to do the week of March 31st—and expect to make a profit. Therefore, the company must make a policy to ensure th at it is always taking in more money than it is spending. The second thing that Lawrence Sports must do is ensure that all of its vendors are paid in full without leaving capital build up in order to pay off its debts. For example, it was mentioned that Gartner was paid off 40% upfront, and then 60% in the next week. This should not be so. Debts should be paid off quickly and not be allowed to pile up. The same thing happened with Murray, when 15% was paid immediately, with 85% to be paid in the next week—where payments started taking over purchases also during the week starting March 31st. Third, what is most important is that Lawrence try to have a cash inflow total that is at least anywhere from 25 to 50% greater than its outflow. This is just to ensure that the cash inflow does not get too far below so that outflow is not greater, and is a safety measure. III. Recommendation A. The Recommendation on Policy Itself and An Evaluation of Risk Associated With the Recommendatio n The recommendation made to Lawrence Sports is to do some cash flow analysis—and to emphasize simply having greater cash flow coming in than going out. According to Grier (2007), â€Å"Cash, not earnings, allows a business entity to meet its financial obligations. Indeed, assessing the amounts, timing and uncertainty of cash flows is one of the basic objectives of financial reporting and analysis† (pp. 47). This policy will help the company stay solvent. However, this also means that the company has to pay its debts off quickly to these outsourced businesses which provide its products. According to Kakkar (2009), â€Å"[One should] [r]educe credit allowances and accelerate cash receipts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 234). By reducing the amount of credit used and upping the cash receipts for accounts receivable, this will increase the cash inflow and minimize the risk of coming in below the 25% profit margin that was discussed as one section of the three policy alternatives for the company. This is why cash flow is so important. According to Fight (2005), â€Å"Analysis of cash flow, then, cannot merely isolate debt capacity but must also consider all the factors producing major changes in cash inflows and outflows† (pp. 6). Of course, the risk is that by focusing too much on cash flow, the company will neglect other areas. However, this issue is so important because it is what will make or break the company—eventually—is whether or not its ledgers are balanced. B. Contingencies For

Soteriology Doctrine of Atonement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Soteriology Doctrine of Atonement - Essay Example (Herrick 2005, screen 1) It is a study by theologians world over on why and how belief in Christ the Son, is the only way to the Father God and thereby, eternal life. So the word Soteriology has come to be associated with deliverance from all sins and afflictions. (Richardson undated, screen 1)And the rest of the paper reflects on how true Soteriology itself can defend its claims of atonement through faith in Christ. Though the word Soteriology does not exist in the scriptures, ("What is" 2006, screen 1) the whole New Testament can be itself called an express expansion of the term. And what better light than to examine the atonement through faith in Christ than the very Scriptures. In Psalms 49:6-9, the Lord God says They that trust in their wealth, and boast themselves in the multitude of their riches; None of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give to God a ransom for him: (For the redemption of their soul is precious, and it ceaseth for ever:) That he should still live for ever, and not see corruption. The Lord God foretells of the coming of Son who will never see corruption but remain as true and pure. Though He could have chosen any and all, He chose to show us His wonder and glory not in His power or might, but in His meekness, and mercy. It is only through Christ Jesus that man is atoned for their sins. He further confirms this as He says in Matthew 18:11, For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost. Mankind had fallen. It was only through His arm (With whom my hand shall be established: mine arm also shall strengthen him) (Psalm 89:21) and Isaiah 40:10 Behold, the Lord GOD will come with strong hand, and his arm shall rule for him: behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. Our reward is found through obedience to Lord Jesus. He is the way to salvation there is no other. Christ spoke to us and told us that He is the way. No one save whom He chooses to reveal to the Father will know Him. All things are delivered unto me of my Father: and no man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son, and he to whomsoever the Son will reveal him. (Matt. 11:27). There is one path to salvation and that path was marked by the passing of Him. He showed us how, why, and what. How we must live or lives. What we must do to receive the gift of eternal and why He chose to die the death He did - not for his own glory but for the salvation of mankind. For, it was through His blood that atonement was paid for our sins. Christ further told us that He and the Father are one. As the Lord stated in Issaih as previously stated He referred to Christ as His arm. He came to reach out the arm of the Lord first to atone for our sins. He came from the Father and died on the cross that we all may live. He rose from the dead and ascended to return to the Father, but His work was not finished. He is here amongst us and knocks - how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not! (Matthew 23:37) Who is there to answer his knock God does not measure time as man measures time. He was, is and will be beyond time. "Election and foreknowledge are essentially the same." (Thiessen 2003, p. 107) In 2 Timothy He tells us

G.W. Bush and the Decision to Invade Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

G.W. Bush and the Decision to Invade Iraq - Essay Example After the attack of the 9/11, the greatest terrorist attack of the world so far, America took many diplomatic plunges and tried to sort out the scores through negotiations at the first and Jimmy Carter’s stand on the war against Iraq as a last resort with more alternatives being sought after initially. President Truman was trying to establish and dictate the American supremacy during the Cold War situation and a threat from the Soviet Block initiated the decision of launching the devastating nuclear weapon on Japan. On the contrary, the decision of invading Iraq by George W. Bush was a very calculated move as patience of America was displayed at the outset through negotiations and diplomacies of myriad types, even when America was passing through very trying times at the wake of 9/11 attacks on the nation. During the reign of Truman, the decision used to get impended on the grounds of exploring nuclear weapons at the closure of the war. With the change of time, now the great and powerful nations along with their highly skilled diplomats and great charismatic leaders need to rethink time and again on the issue of simply raging the war across the borders. All the nations are aware and are equipped with nuclear power and more dangerous chemical and biological weapons as well. A slightest ignorance and reluctance on the issue of using these weapons can lead to the destruction of the entire human race. Therefore, after the explosion of the first and most devastating nuclear attacks, treaties and agreements have condoned the development of nuclear technology and practice across the globe (The White House, â€Å"Multi-front Operation, 2001 Video & Timeline President Delivers State of the Union Address†). â€Å"Multi-front Operation, 2001 Video & Timeline President Delivers State of the Union Address.† State of the Union. The White House, 2002. Web. 16 Jul. 2013.

INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING - Essay Example This common set of recognized accounting standards are collectively known as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).These standards provide information in how to properly communicate economic events or transactions (Investorwords, 2011). The conceptual framework of accounting provides the required information and guidelines regarding the objectives of financial reporting, the qualitative characteristics of financial information, operating guidelines and composition and required elements of financial statements. According to Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) the goals of financial reporting are to provide information that: Its useful for making investment and credit decisions Is helpful in assessing the value of future cash flows Identifies assets, liabilities and serves to identify changes in those resources and claims (Obaidat, 2007). In order to make financial information useful there are certain qualitative characteristics that all accounting information must po sses to prove useful in the decision making posses. These characteristics are (Cliffnotes, 2011): 1. Relevance-the accounting information provided to the user must make a difference in their decision making. Relevant financial information has to provide either predictive value, provide feedback value or both. Predictive value helps the user forecast future events, such as predicting future stock valuation or future earnings. Information that provides feedback value focuses on confirming or corrects prior information or assumptions . In order for information to be relevant it must be provided in a timely manner so it can provide the right information and at the correct timeframe where it can help guide the decision making process. 2. Reliability-It is expected that financial information must be free of material errors or persona bias. In order to be reliable the information provided must be verifiable, in order to prove that it is free from material errors or bias. As an additional r equirement the substance of the information provided must be a faithful representation of the economic events which it summarizes. The last prerequisite of reliable information must be neutral or free of bias. 3. Comparability-the usefulness of financial information is maximized when it can be compared with similar accounting information of other businesses or enterprises. This comparability can only be achieved when the different companies adopt the same accounting principles. In general comparability extends to all accounting not to only financial statements but to all accounting procedures such as costing, inventory and expense recognition. Since there are variations in GAAP and procedures that can be utilized the company must fully disclose the accounting methods used for the recording of financial events or transactions. 4. Consistency-The principle of consistency simply means that a company must use the same accounting principles and methodology from year to year. If a company decides to change any of its accounting practices and adopts a new method, it is the responsibility of management to prove that the new method provides a more accurate or meaningful representation of the financial information. There are a series of operating constrains and guidelines that serve as the foundation to any financial account. These guidelines are classified as assumptions, principles and constraints (Investorwords, 2011).

Being Addicted to Crack-Cocaine Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being Addicted to Crack-Cocaine - Term Paper Example Crack cocaine refers to a freebase type of cocaine that can be taken through smoking. Crack cocaine is a highly powerful and addictive stimulant produced from powdered cocaine through a simple process of conversion. Crack cocaine is strong stimulant to the central nervous system of the body that interferes with the brain and causes excess dopamine to the brain. It has both psychological physiological effects to the body. The Psychological Effects Crack cocaine affects the user’s brain chemistry resulting to feeling of euphoria, excessive confidence, alertness, lack of appetite, addiction, insomnia, excessive energy. The first effect is the release of dopamine, a brain chemical, in large amounts. It is this dopamine which results to euphoria leaving the user experiencing a depressed and low feeling. When smoked it is absorbed faster in the body than when it is injected. The user may take around three days without sleep as they recover from the feeling. When used in a binge, cra ck cocaine leads to increased irritability, paranoia as well as restlessness. According to Woods (2008), these may cause full-blown paranoid psychosis which makes the individual lose sense of reality and experience hallucinations. Excessive use of the substance may result to fornication where the effected user feel or believe they have parasites which crawl under their skin. This is also associated with alcohol withdrawal and high fevers as well as well as hallucinations. The Physiological Effects These include dilated pupils, heart rate, increased temperature, constricted blood vessels and blood pressure. Large amounts increase the user’s feelings of highness, and may cause violent behavior, erratic and bizarre. Large amounts can also lead to muscle twitches, tremors, paranoia and vertigo as well as a toxic reaction in form of amphetamine poisoning. Some users experience restlessness, anxiety and irritation. Under some instances which are rare death might occur on the first use of this substance which is caused by cardiac arrest or seizure accompanied by respiratory arrest. Some users may increase their dosage so as to prolong and increase the euphoric feeling hence addiction. before use after use An example of crack cocaine affected person Operant Conditioning It refers to the process in which results of a certain behavior influences the likely hood of that behavior being repeated. This is a common condition in crack cocaine addiction. Repeated use of crack cocaine acts as reinforce or a reward, and with the association between the reward, cue and response addiction becomes stronger and stronger. This is one of the principles of the operant conditioning. The principle of the immediacy of reinforcement which argues that the faster the user follows a certain behavior the behavior becomes more powerful and it is likely that the user will repeat it. When applied in this condition it means that once the user of crack cocaine follows a certain behavior or f eeling induced by the substance the more likely that they feel take it more and more resulting to addiction. Reference: Woods, S. (2008). Colombia. London: Bradt Travel

Logistics and Supply Chain Management at Wal-Mart Coursework

Logistics and Supply Chain Management at Wal-Mart - Coursework Example Wal-Mart is known for its price leadership strategy and strives to provide customers with quality products and services at the cheapest possible price which is in tune with its famous strategy of ‘Every Day Low Price’ (Popularly referred as EDLP). The strategy of low price is in turn aligned with Sam Walton’s strategy of helping people save money. Wal-Mart presently provides goods at the cheapest possible price and has positioned itself as a price leader in the mind of the customers.Against the backdrop of this bold positioning strategy lies an efficient and technology-driven logistics management which has provided the firm with advantages like cost reduction to an extent that it is able to provide the best quality products at the cheapest price in the market. Logistics form the USP of Wal-Mart. Its supply chain initiatives involving the latest technology like RFID, cross-docking aided by an efficient integration of all its business processes using Enterprise Reso urce Planning have created benchmarks for the company. The efficiency of logistics management of the firm could be analyzed from the fact that its logistics management model has become the benchmark in the global retail and logistics industry. The distribution centers of Wal-Mart which are the backbone of its supply chain management strategy are considered to be the most advanced technologically. Presently Wal-Mart has more than 40 regional centers for distribution with each center spreading over one million square feet on an average.

In 2007, the potato chip industry in the Northwest was competitively Research Paper

In 2007, the potato chip industry in the Northwest was competitively structured and in long-run competitive equilibrium firms we - Research Paper Example The lawyers hired a firm to estimate varied long-run competitive equilibriums to ensure the successful operation of their business (Swanson, 2009). However, the adapted strategies may not be superior and appropriate. Benefits to the government, business and consumers A monopoly market occurs when a single company supplies services or products that the buyer cannot substitute. The situation mainly happens when one company supplies commodities cheaply compared to other companies. Most monopoly companies include the utilities that offer electric power, gas or water. Wonks would benefit different stakeholders especially the government, business and consumers based on its monopolistic tendencies. Initially, the company will benefit the government because monopolies act as convenient sources of revenue for the government. The government can force companies out of the market causing controversy in the marketplace. The administrators at Wonk can force the government to come up with restricti ons governing the market competition (Graham, Kaye & Rothstein, 2006). However, other companies in the market can propagate negative publicity that may serve as a barrier to Wonk. As a result, the total revenues of the industry to the government will increase Once the firm started running as a monopoly, it came up with different Long-Run Competitive Equilibriums (Graham, Kaye & Rothstein, 2006). These changes benefitted the industry’s stakeholders because they controlled the amount of goods released to the market. Additionally, the industry can control its production, supplies and selling prices to the consumers (Graham, Kaye & Rothstein, 2006). The absence of competition means that the company could increase prices to cover the cost of production. Consequently, the parties involved will draw additional revenues. The consumers will also because Wonk will stipulate prices that the consumers are willing to pay. Graham, Kaye & Rothstein (2006) indicate that the consumers will st op purchasing the products when the industry stipulates prices that the consumers are unable to pay for the goods and services. Changes in prices and output in both structures The potato chip industry restructured from the monopolistic competition strategy to strict monopoly. The competitors sell slightly heterogeneous products but compete for the same customers based on monopolistic competition (Graham, Kaye & Rothstein, 2006). This strategy presents reduced obstacles in market entry and exit. This means that the company was exposed to threats of competition and market fluctuations in the external market. The reduced market entry barriers had the potential of destabilizing the business if a more preferable competitor enters the market. Through monopolistic competition, the producers were constrained from acquiring the full market information (Graham, Kaye & Rothstein, 2006). This is because the market has inputs from other competitors that influence market fluctuations. Any new inp ut by the competitor affects the demand curve of other competitors. Consequently, the consumers must determine the price and non-price attributes of the products supplied. The competing producers must select unique traits that attract customers to their products and realize the targeted higher prices (Boyes & Melvin, 2012). Monopolistically competitive markets engage in imperfect competition by focusing on non-price competition aspects such as product

Sociology Paper on Functionalist Essay Example for Free

Sociology Paper on Functionalist Essay Q. Describe the different forms of marriage patterns found across cultures. A. Marriage is a legally recognized and socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligation and usually involves sexual activities. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is monogamy which is a marriage between two partners usually a man and a woman. Polygamy is the concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex. The most prevalent form of polygamy is polygyny the con current marriage of one man with two or more woman. Polygyny has been practiced in a number of societies; including parts of Europe until the Middle Ages more recently Islamic societies in Africa and Asia have been polygynous; however the cost of providing for multiple wives and numerous children makes the practice impossible for all but the wealthiest men. The second type of polygamy is polyandry the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men. Polyandry is very rare, when it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly out number women because of high rates of female infanticide. Q. Describe the functionalist perspectives on families. A. functionalist emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well being of individuals. According to Emile Durkheim, marriage is a microcosmic replica of the larger society; both marriage and the society involve a mental and moral fusion of physically distinct individuals. Durkheim also believed that a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in all areas of life even though he acknowledged that this division imposes significant limitations on some people. Contemporary functionalist perspectives on families derive their foundation from Durkheim. Division of labor makes it possible for families to fulfill a member of functions that on other institution can perform as effectively. In advanced industrial societies, families serve four key functions: sexual regulation. Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members thus control reproduction so that it occurs within specific boundaries. At the micro level, incest taboos prohibit sexual contact or marriage between certain relatives. Socialization. Parents and other relatives are responsible for teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive. The smallest and intimacy of families make them suited for providing children with the initial learning experiences they need. Economic and psychological support. Families are responsible for providing economic and psychological support for members. In preindustrial societies, families are economic production units; in industrial societies, the economic security of families is tied to the workplace and to micro level economic system. Provision of social status. Families confer social status and reputation on their members these statuses include the ascribed statuses with which individuals are born, such as race/ethnicity, nationality, social class, and sometimes religious affiliation. One of the most significant and compelling forms of social placement is the family’s class position and the opportunities (or lack thereof) resulting from the position. Q. Describe the concept of remarriage and define a blended family. A. Remarriage is when a man or woman divorce and gets married again with the same person or another. Among individuals who divorce before age 35, about half will remarry within three years of their first divorce. Most divorced people remarry others who have been divorced. However, remarriage rates vary by gender and age. At all ages, a greater proportion of men than women remarry, often relatively soon after the divorce. Among women, the older a women is at the time of divorce the lower her likelihood of remarrying. Women who have not graduated from high school and who have young children tend to remarry relatively quickly; by contrast, women with a college degree and without children are less likely to remarry. As a result of divorce and remarriage, complex family relationships are often created. Some people become part of stepfamilies or blended families, which consist of a husband and wife, children from previous m arriages, and children from the new marriage. Q. Describe the functionalist perspective on education. A. Functionalist view education as one of the most important components of society. According to Durkheim, education is the influence exercised by adult generations on those that are not yet ready for social life. Durkheim asserted that moral values are the foundation of cohesive social order and that schools have the responsibility of teaching a commitment to the common morality. From this perspective, students must be taught to put the group’s needs ahead of their individual desires and aspirations. Contemporary functionalist suggest that education is responsible for teaching U.S. values. In analyzing the values and functions of education, sociologist using a functionalist framework distinguishes between manifest and latent functions. Manifest functions in education include teaching specific subjects such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English. Q. Provide a brief overview of education, define education, and describe cultural transmission. A. Education serves five major manifest functions in society: socialization, from kindergarten through college schools teach students, the student role, specific academic subjects, and political socialization. In primary and secondary schools, students are taught specific subject matters appropriate to their age, skill level, and previous educational experience. At the college level, students focus on more detailed knowledge of subjects that they have previously studied while also being exposed to new areas of study and research. Transmission of culture. Schools transmit cultural norms and values to each new generation and play an active part in the process of assimilation. Social control. Schools are responsible for teaching values such as discipline, respect, obedience, punctuality, and perseverance. Social placement. Schools are responsible for identifying the most qualified people to fill available positions in society. Change in innovation. As student’s populations change over time, new programs are introduced to meet societal needs; for example sex education, and multicultural studies have been implemented in some schools to help students learn about pressing social issues.

Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay

Comparison Of Rate Of Convergence Of Iterative Methods Philosophy Essay The term iterative method refers to a wide range of techniques that use successive approximations to obtain more accurate solutions to a linear system at each step In numerical analysis it attempts to solve a problem by finding successive  approximations  to the solution starting from an initial guess. This approach is in contrast to  direct methods which attempt to solve the problem by a finite sequence of operations, and, in the absence of  rounding errors, would deliver an exact solution Iterative methods are usually the only choice for non linear equations. However, iterative methods are often useful even for linear problems involving a large number of variables (sometimes of the order of millions), where direct methods would be prohibitively expensive (and in some cases impossible) even with the best available computing power. Stationary methods are older, simpler to understand and implement, but usually not as effective Stationary iterative method are the iterative methods that performs in each iteration the same operations on the current iteration vectors.Stationary iterative methods solve a linear system with an  operator  approximating the original one; and based on a measurement of the error in the result, form a correction equation for which this process is repeated. While these methods are simple to derive, implement, and analyze, convergence is only guaranteed for a limited class of matrices. Examples of stationary iterative methods are the Jacobi method,gauss seidel method  and the  successive overrelaxation method. The Nonstationary methods are based on the idea of sequences of orthogonal vectors Nonstationary methods are a relatively recent development; their analysis is usually harder to understand, but they can be highly effective These are the Iterative method that has iteration-dependent coefficients.It include Dense matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is too small to warrant specialized algorithms. Sparse matrix: Matrix for which the number of zero elements is large enough that algorithms avoiding operations on zero elements pay off. Matrices derived from partial differential equations typically have a number of nonzero elements that is proportional to the matrix size, while the total number of matrix elements is the square of the matrix size. The rate at which an iterative method converges depends greatly on the spectrum of the coefficient matrix. Hence, iterative methods usually involve a second matrix that transforms the coefficient matrix into one with a more favorable spectrum. The transformation matrix is called a  preconditioner. A good preconditioner improves the convergence of the iterative method, sufficiently to overcome the extra cost of constructing and applying the preconditioner. Indeed, without a preconditioner the iterative method may even fail to converge. Rate of Convergence In  numerical analysis, the speed at which a  convergent sequence  approaches its limit is called the  rate of convergence. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an  iterative method as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations.Similar concepts are used for  discretization  methods. The solution of the discretized problem converges to the solution of the continuous problem as the grid size goes to zero, and the speed of convergence is one of the factors of the efficiency of the method. However, the terminology in this case is different from the terminology for iterative methods. The rate of convergence of an iterative method is represented by mu (ÃŽÂ ¼) and is defined as such:   Suppose the sequence{xn}  (generated by an iterative method to find an approximation to a fixed point) converges to a point  x, then   limn->[infinity] = |xn+1-x|/|xn-x|[alpha]=ÃŽÂ ¼,  where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0 and  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±(alpha)=order of convergence.   In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=2 or 3 the sequence is said to have  quadratic  and  cubic convergence  respectively. However in linear cases i.e. when  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=1, for the sequence to converge  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  must  be in the interval (0,1). The theory behind this is that for En+1à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼En  to converge the absolute errors must decrease with each approximation, and to guarantee this, we have to set  0 In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±=1 and  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=1  and  you know it converges (since  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=1 does not tell us if it converges or diverges) the sequence  {xn}  is said to converge  sublinearly  i.e. the order of convergence is less than one. If  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼>1 then the sequence diverges. If  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼=0 then it is said to converge  superlinearly  i.e. its order of convergence is higher than 1, in these cases you change  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ã‚  to a higher value to find what the order of convergence is.  In cases where  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  is negative, the iteration diverges. Stationary iterative methods Stationary iterative methods are methods for solving a  linear system of equations. Ax=B. where  Ã‚  is a given matrix and  Ã‚  is a given vector. Stationary iterative methods can be expressed in the simple form where neither  Ã‚  nor  Ã‚  depends upon the iteration count  . The four main stationary methods are the Jacobi Method,Gauss seidel method,  successive overrelaxation method  (SOR), and   symmetric successive overrelaxation method  (SSOR). 1.Jacobi method:- The Jacobi method is based on solving for every variable locally with respect to the other variables; one iteration of the method corresponds to solving for every variable once. The resulting method is easy to understand and implement, but convergence is slow. The Jacobi method is a method of solving a  matrix equation  on a matrix that has no zeros along its main diagonal . Each diagonal element is solved for, and an approximate value plugged in. The process is then iterated until it converges. This algorithm is a stripped-down version of the Jacobi transformation  method of  matrix diagnalization. The Jacobi method is easily derived by examining each of the  Ã‚  equations in the linear system of equations  Ã‚  in isolation. If, in the  th equation solve for the value of  Ã‚  while assuming the other entries of  Ã‚  remain fixed. This gives which is the Jacobi method. In this method, the order in which the equations are examined is irrelevant, since the Jacobi method treats them independently. The definition of the Jacobi method can be expressed with matrices  as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagnol, strictly lower triangular, and  strictly upper triangular  parts of  , respectively Convergence:- The standard convergence condition (for any iterative method) is when the  spectral radius  of the iteration matrix à Ã‚ (D  Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 1R) D is diagonal component,R is the remainder. The method is guaranteed to converge if the matrix  A  is strictly or irreducibly  diagonally dominant. Strict row diagonal dominance means that for each row, the absolute value of the diagonal term is greater than the sum of absolute values of other terms: The Jacobi method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 2. Gauss-Seidel method:- The Gauss-Seidel method is like the Jacobi method, except that it uses updated values as soon as they are available. In general, if the Jacobi method converges, the Gauss-Seidel method will converge faster than the Jacobi method, though still relatively slowly. The Gauss-Seidel method is a technique for solving the  Ã‚  equations of the  linear system of equations  Ã‚  one at a time in sequence, and uses previously computed results as soon as they are available, There are two important characteristics of the Gauss-Seidel method should be noted. Firstly, the computations appear to be serial. Since each component of the new iterate depends upon all previously computed components, the updates cannot be done simultaneously as in the  Jacobi method. Secondly, the new iterate  Ã‚  depends upon the order in which the equations are examined. If this ordering is changed, the  components  of the new iterates (and not just their order) will also change. In terms of matrices, the definition of the Gauss-Seidel method can be expressed as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the  diagonal, strictly lower triangular, and strictly upper triangular  parts of   A, respectively. The Gauss-Seidel method is applicable to strictly diagonally dominant, or symmetric positive definite matrices   A. Convergence:- Given a square system of  n  linear equations with unknown  x: The convergence properties of the Gauss-Seidel method are dependent on the matrix  A. Namely, the procedure is known to converge if either: A  is symmetric  positive definite, or A  is strictly or irreducibly  diagonally dominant. The Gauss-Seidel method sometimes converges even if these conditions are not satisfied. 3.Successive Overrelaxation method:- The successive overrelaxation method (SOR) is a method of solving a  linear system of equations  Ã‚  derived by extrapolating the  gauss-seidel method. This extrapolation takes the form of a weighted average between the previous iterate and the computed Gauss-Seidel iterate successively for each component, where  Ã‚  denotes a Gauss-Seidel iterate and  Ã‚  is the extrapolation factor. The idea is to choose a value for  Ã‚  that will accelerate the rate of convergence of the iterates to the solution. In matrix terms, the SOR algorithm can be written as where the matrices  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagonal, strictly lower-triangular, and strictly upper-triangular parts of  , respectively. If  , the SOR method simplifies to the  gauss-seidel method. A theorem due to Kahan shows that SOR fails to converge if  Ã‚  is outside the interval  . In general, it is not possible to compute in advance the value of  Ã‚  that will maximize the rate of convergence of SOR. Frequently, some heuristic estimate is used, such as  Ã‚  where  Ã‚  is the mesh spacing of the discretization of the underlying physical domain. Convergence:- Successive Overrelaxation method may converge faster than Gauss-Seidel by an order of magnitude. We seek the solution to set of linear equations   In matrix terms, the successive over-relaxation (SOR) iteration can be expressed as where  ,  , and  Ã‚  represent the diagonal, lower triangular, and upper triangular parts of the coefficient matrix  ,  Ã‚  is the iteration count, and  Ã‚  is a relaxation factor. This matrix expression is not usually used to program the method, and an element-based expression is used Note that for  Ã‚  that the iteration reduces to the  gauss-seidel  iteration. As with the  Gauss seidel method, the computation may be done in place, and the iteration is continued until the changes made by an iteration are below some tolerance. The choice of relaxation factor is not necessarily easy, and depends upon the properties of the coefficient matrix. For symmetric, positive definite matrices it can be proven that  Ã‚  will lead to convergence, but we are generally interested in faster convergence rather than just convergence. 4.Symmetric Successive overrelaxation:- Symmetric Successive Overrelaxation (SSOR) has no advantage over SOR as a stand-alone iterative method; however, it is useful as a preconditioner for nonstationary methods The symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) method combines two  successive overrelaxation method  (SOR) sweeps together in such a way that the resulting iteration matrix is similar to a symmetric matrix it the case that the coefficient matrix  Ã‚  of the linear system  Ã‚  is symmetric. The SSOR is a forward SOR sweep followed by a backward SOR sweep in which the  unknowns  are updated in the reverse order. The similarity of the SSOR iteration matrix to a symmetric matrix permits the application of SSOR as a preconditioner for other iterative schemes for symmetric matrices. This is the primary motivation for SSOR, since the convergence rate is usually slower than the convergence rate for SOR with optimal  .. Non-Stationary Iterative Methods:- 1.Conjugate Gradient method:- The conjugate gradient method derives its name from the fact that it generates a sequence of conjugate (or orthogonal) vectors. These vectors are the residuals of the iterates. They are also the gradients of a quadratic functional, the minimization of which is equivalent to solving the linear system. CG is an extremely effective method when the coefficient matrix is symmetric positive definite, since storage for only a limited number of vectors is required. Suppose we want to solve the following   system of linear equations Ax  =  b where the  n-by-n  matrix  A  is  symmetric  (i.e.,  AT  =  A),  positive definite  (i.e.,  xTAx  > 0 for all non-zero vectors  x  in  Rn), and  real. We denote the unique solution of this system by  x*. We say that two non-zero vectors  u  and  v  are  conjugate  (with respect to  A) if Since  A  is symmetric and positive definite, the left-hand side defines an  inner product So, two vectors are conjugate if they are orthogonal with respect to this inner product. Being conjugate is a symmetric relation: if  u  is conjugate to  v, then  v  is conjugate to  u. Convergence:- Accurate predictions of the convergence of iterative methods are difficult to make, but useful bounds can often be obtained. For the Conjugate Gradient method, the error can be bounded in terms of the spectral condition number  Ã‚  of the matrix  . ( if  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  are the largest and smallest eigenvalues of a symmetric positive definite matrix  , then the spectral condition number of  Ã‚  is  . If  Ã‚  is the exact solution of the linear system  , with symmetric positive definite matrix  , then for CG with symmetric positive definite preconditioner  , it can be shown that where  Ã‚  , and   . From this relation we see that the number of iterations to reach a relative reduction of  Ã‚  in the error is proportional to  . In some cases, practical application of the above error bound is straightforward. For example, elliptic second order partial differential equations typically give rise to coefficient matrices  Ã‚  with  Ã‚  (where  Ã‚  is the discretization mesh width), independent of the order of the finite elements or differences used, and of the number of space dimensions of the problem . Thus, without preconditioning, we expect a number of iterations proportional to  Ã‚  for the Conjugate Gradient method. Other results concerning the behavior of the Conjugate Gradient algorithm have been obtained. If the extremal eigenvalues of the matrix  Ã‚  are well separated, then one often observes so-called; that is, convergence at a rate that increases per iteration. This phenomenon is explained by the fact that CG tends to eliminate components of the error in the direction of eigenvectors associated with extremal eigenvalues first. After these have been eliminated, the method proceeds as if these eigenvalues did not exist in the given system,  i.e., the convergence rate depends on a reduced system with a smaller condition number. The effectiveness of the preconditioner in reducing the condition number and in separating extremal eigenvalues can be deduced by studying the approximated eigenvalues of the related Lanczos process. 2. Biconjugate Gradient Method-The Biconjugate Gradient method generates two CG-like sequences of vectors, one based on a system with the original coefficient matrix , and one on . Instead of orthogonalizing each sequence, they are made mutually orthogonal, or bi-orthogonal. This method, like CG, uses limited storage. It is useful when the matrix is nonsymmetric and nonsingular; however, convergence may be irregular, and there is a possibility that the method will break down. BiCG requires a multiplication with the coefficient matrix and with its transpose at each iteration. Convergence:- Few theoretical results are known about the convergence of BiCG. For symmetric positive definite systems the method delivers the same results as CG, but at twice the cost per iteration. For nonsymmetric matrices it has been shown that in phases of the process where there is significant reduction of the norm of the residual, the method is more or less comparable to full GMRES (in terms of numbers of iterations). In practice this is often confirmed, but it is also observed that the convergence behavior may be quite irregular  , and the method may even break down  . The breakdown situation due to the possible event that  Ã‚  can be circumvented by so-called look-ahead strategies. This leads to complicated codes. The other breakdown  Ã‚  situation,  , occurs when the  -decomposition fails, and can be repaired by using another decomposition. Sometimes, breakdown  Ã‚  or near-breakdown situations can be satisfactorily avoided by a restart  Ã‚  at the iteration step immediately before the breakdown step. Another possibility is to switch to a more robust method, like GMRES.  Ã‚   3. Conjugate Gradient Squared (CGS  ). The Conjugate Gradient Squared method is a variant of BiCG that applies the updating operations for the -sequence and the -sequences both to the same vectors. Ideally, this would double the convergence rate, but in practice convergence may be much more irregular than for BiCG, which may sometimes lead to unreliable results. A practical advantage is that the method does not need the multiplications with the transpose of the coefficient matrix. often one observes a speed of convergence for CGS that is about twice as fast as for BiCG, which is in agreement with the observation that the same contraction operator is applied twice. However, there is no reason that the contraction operator, even if it really reduces the initial residual  , should also reduce the once reduced vector  . This is evidenced by the often highly irregular convergence behavior of CGS  . One should be aware of the fact that local corrections to the current solution may be so large that cancelation effects occur. This may lead to a less accurate solution than suggested by the updated residual. The method tends to diverge if the starting guess is close to the solution.  Ã‚   4 Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGSTAB  ). The Biconjugate Gradient Stabilized method is a variant of BiCG, like CGS, but using different updates for the -sequence in order to obtain smoother convergence than CGS. Bi-CGSTAB often converges about as fast as CGS, sometimes faster and sometimes not. CGS can be viewed as a method in which the BiCG contraction operator is applied twice. Bi-CGSTAB can be interpreted as the product of BiCG and repeatedly applied GMRES. At least locally, a residual vector is minimized  , which leads to a considerably smoother  Ã‚  convergence behavior. On the other hand, if the local GMRES step stagnates, then the Krylov subspace is not expanded, and Bi-CGSTAB will break down  . This is a breakdown situation that can occur in addition to the other breakdown possibilities in the underlying BiCG algorithm. This type of breakdown may be avoided by combining BiCG with other methods,  i.e., by selecting other values for  Ã‚   One such alternative is Bi-CGSTAB2  ; more general approaches are su ggested by Sleijpen and Fokkema. 5..Chebyshev   Iteration. The Chebyshev Iteration recursively determines polynomials with coefficients chosen to minimize the norm of the residual in a min-max sense. The coefficient matrix must be positive definite and knowledge of the extremal eigenvalues is required. This method has the advantage of requiring no inner products. Chebyshev Iteration is another method for solving nonsymmetric problems . Chebyshev Iteration avoids the computation of inner products  Ã‚  as is necessary for the other nonstationary methods. For some distributed memory architectures these inner products are a bottleneck  Ã‚  with respect to efficiency. The price one pays for avoiding inner products is that the method requires enough knowledge about the spectrum of the coefficient matrix  Ã‚  that an ellipse enveloping the spectrum can be identified  ; however this difficulty can be overcome via an adaptive construction  developed by Manteuffel  , and implemented by Ashby  . Chebyshev iteration is suitable for any non symmetric linear system for which the enveloping ellipse does not include the origin. Convergence:- In the symmetric case (where  Ã‚  and the preconditioner  Ã‚  are both symmetric) for the Chebyshev Iteration we have the same upper bound as for the Conjugate Gradient method, provided  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  are computed from  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  (the extremal eigenvalues of the preconditioned matrix  ). There is a severe penalty for overestimating or underestimating the field of values. For example, if in the symmetric case  Ã‚  is underestimated, then the method may diverge; if it is overestimated then the result may be very slow convergence. Similar statements can be made for the nonsymmetric case. This implies that one needs fairly accurate bounds on the spectrum of  Ã‚  for the method to be effective (in comparison with CG or GMRES).  Ã‚   Acceleration of convergence Many methods exist to increase the rate of convergence of a given sequence, i.e. to transform a given sequence into one converging faster to the same limit. Such techniques are in general known as series acceleration. The goal of the transformed sequence is to be much less expensive to calculate than the original sequence. One example of series acceleration is Aitkens delta -squared process.

The Life Of Kurt Cobain

The Life Of Kurt Cobain Throughout the history of pop culture there is one unmistakable truth. Change comes gradually until someone or a group of people make their presence known. Then the change happens almost overnight. In the early 90s a Seattle band known as Nirvana hit main stream music. Kurt Cobain was the lead singer, lead guitar, and a founding member of this very band. The purpose of this essay is to understand how he shaped our musical culture from his very own experiences in life. How he died and the questions surrounding his death. First lets look over his life. Kurt Donald Cobain was born February 20, 1967 to a cocktail waitress named Wendy and an auto mechanic named Donald. He grew up in the town of Aberdeen, Washington. At a young age his family noted he had promise in art and music. Unfortunately for his family, money was tight. When he was eight years old his parents divorced. He lived with his mom at first, but would later live with his dad. His dad would later marry and Kurt had a real personality shift. He was a sweet and caring child but this drove him to become very defiant. On his 14th birthday an uncle of his gave him a choice. He could either have a bicycle, or a guitar. Kurt chose the guitar. At this point he stopped focusing on school almost entirely and just played music. Another activity of his was to watch his favorite punk rock band The Melvins. This is the first band he credits for influencing his work. He would eventually drop out of school 2 weeks prior to graduation due to not having the credits to graduate. Like we all have a tendency to do, he became an adult and was given an ultimatum from his mother. He had to either find a job or move out. After neglecting to find a job, he came home to all of his belongings packed away on her front porch. After some moving around someone named Krist Novoselic offered him a couch to sleep on. Cobain actually met Krist while both were hanging out at a Melvins practice. They would form Nirvana together in 1989 and constantly go through new drummers. Eventually they would record a demo and get signed with Sub Pop records, a local record label. They released the album Bleach which sold 35000 copies. While touring Kurt found an addiction in heroin. In 1991 Nirvana signed with a new record label, Geffen. They also finally found their drummer, David Grohl. They would release the album Nevermind, which sold around 4 million copies in the first year. He also met his future wife, Courtney Love, lead singer of the band Hole. They had much in common, from bad childhoods to their current drug habits. It seemed like an endless cycle of drug abuse until Courtney found out she was pregnant. They would have a daughter in 1992, named Frances Bean Cobain. 1993 was the year In Utero was released. The following year they performed on MTVs unplugged set. It is around this time that his drug addiction took a turn for the worse. On March 2nd, 1994, he overdosed on rohypnol, a date rape drug more commonly known as ruffies. He was found unconscious by his wife and survived after going to the hospital. But on April 5th, 1994 he died. He injected a dose of heroin that was about three times the lethal limit. And while on the high, he shot himself with a shotgun. Questions tend to be raised when successful people commit suicide, and then conspiracy theories are born. There are many who believe that Kurt Cobain was murdered. The evidence is pretty convincing. For one, there are no clear prints anything in the room he should have touched. None on the bullets or gun but where he held it. None on his drug box. As noted earlier, he injected more than 3 times the lethal limit of heroin with a blood level of 1.52 mgs per liter. This is a dose that can kill hardcore addicts in seconds. It would be nearly impossible for someone to handle a shotgun in their mouth. It is possible he could have done it, but it is highly unlikely. Another conspiracy is a man named Eldon Hoke. He has claimed that Courtney tried to pay him 50000 to kill Kurt. Eight days after an interview about it he was found dead on a railroad track. It should also be noted that Courtney Love was around every other time Kurt overdosed. She hired a Private Investigator to find a missing Ku rt 2 days before he killed himself by the name of Tom Grant. Grant is certain Courtney had something to do with Kurts death due to motive. They were talking about divorce and there was a prenuptial agreement. She would get very little, but get everything if he died. He also found it suspicious that she couldnt leave Los Angeles when her missing husband was on the loose. While its not damning evidence, this is still convincing. It does leave room to question. Another autopsy will never happen. Kurt was cremated and in 1999 his ashes were spread out in Lake Olympia by his daughter in a final ceremony. While Kurt was alive he was one of the most important musical figures of that era. One of the most notable changes was popular music. Michael Jackson and other pop musicians dominated the air waves. The Nevermind album knocked Michael Jackson out of the number 1 spot. It was the album that showed you can make something that sounds like you played it in your garage and still outsell more established artists. In the last 16 years since he died there are bands that list his band as a musical influence. It is also significant that he grew up poor and what he perceived as a troubled household. He used the feelings he learned from this to write his music filled with angst. The problem was he wrote the music hoping it would appeal to people who were like him in school. Those that didnt fit in. His biggest fans turned out to be like those who beat him up in school. The music movement he was a part of also affected fashion. Flannel, torn up jeans, and wearing plain long sleeve shirts under your awesome t-shirt. Stores started selling jeans already with holes. Most of the clothing assossiated with grunge was cheap. But of course major retail stores have a knack for taping into what is fashionable and sell it for a higher price. Three of their most popular albums were popular because of the music on them obviously. From the Nevermind CD tracks include Smells like Teen Spirit, Come As You Are, and Lithium. From the In Utero CD, we have Heart Shaped Box, Dumb, and All Apologies. Finally we have their MTVs Unplugged in New York by Nirvana album. Most of the songs were on previous albums, but some others played were Lake of Fire, a cover of The Man Who Sold the World (Originally by David Bowie), and Where did you sleep last night. These are not the only good songs per CD. Being in one of the most popular bands at the time its easy to see how Kurt Cobain was one of the most popular people shaping our culture. His music encouraged people to question what is considered right or normal. He showed people you dont have to fit in to be one of the cool kids. And in the end, even the popular can fall to their outlook on life. People like Kurt dont come very often. When they do, they leave a lasting footprint on us all. From the music people make to our outlook on our past experiences. The early to mid 90s owes Kurt Cobain recognition for how it was shaped by him. So do the people who were alive during that time.

Public vs. Private Education Essay -- Compare Contrast School Educatin

Public vs. Private Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have examined and compared public versus private education. Also, this collection of information should help you understand differences between public and private schools. Aspects of equality and achievement in private and public education will be dissected and evaluated. Observations I have evaluated and examined both public and private education instittutional systems. Public Education Public schools are in crisis, and not because of any shortages of public funds (more money is spent on public education than ever before, but with declining results). Many people like to think the problem with our schools is precisely that they are public: "Government schools" are run like the rest of the government, poorly and inefficiently. Teachers are not primarily to blame, because they are also victims of bad conditions of schools and their profession. The solution is to get government out of the business of education and to run education in a more businesslike way. However, education is not a business like other businesses; it does not turn out a product whose value can be expressed adequately in terms of market price. Education does impart business or workplace skills, of course, but the value of reading and writing well cannot be captured fully by a future salary. The love of learning and growing as a student mentally is what shapes each individual's identity in public life. Before much progress can be made, Americans will have to be persuaded that public schools are a public failure -- that they are turning out not just poorly educated students but bad or indifferent citizens. However statistics show that Americans have confidence in public education. In 1997 Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools was the first in which an effort was made to determine whether the public wants to place its confidence in the public schools or to start looking for an alternative system. In that poll, the public clearly indicated its preference for the public schools.. The results clearly affirm the public's belief that our national commitment to educating all our children through the public schools should be maintained. 71% of Americans indicate that the focus in education should be on reforming the existing system. This compares to 27% opting for finding an alternative system such as p... ... school also generally increased with family income. Children from the lowest income families (less than $15,000) were more likely than those from families with incomes over $30,000 to attend a chosen public school. However, the net result of the various types of choice was that children from families with incomes over $50,000 were much less likely than children from families in lower income categories to attend an assigned public school over which they had not exercised any choice. Reference The Condition of Education 1997, 182, based on NCES, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993?94, and the Teacher Follow-up Survey, 1994?95. 14/ NCES, Schools and Staffing in the United States, 1993?94, 107. 15/ V.E. Lee and J.B. Smith, "High School Size: Which Works Best, and for Whom?," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New York, 1996. 16/ F. Mosteller, R. Light, and J. Sachs, "Sustained Inquiry in Education: Lessons from Skill Grouping and Class Size," Harvard Educational Review 66 (4) (1996): 797?842. 17/ The Condition of Education 1997, 136, based on NCES, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1987?88, 1990?91, and 1993?94.

Radar in the Modern World :: essays research papers fc

Research Paper  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar in the Modern World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar is usually taken for granted in these days of modern technology. Many people do not know how radar is really used, how it works, or why we need it. People are familiar with several uses of radar like police enforcement radar guns and radar that measures how fast a baseball is pitched in a major league game. These are only a few of the many uses radar has to offer. Radar can determine several properties of an object from a distance, such as its position, speed, direction of travel, and shape; it can also detect objects out of the range of sight in all weather conditions, making it a fundamental utility for many industries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term radar actually came from the acronym representing RAdio Detection And Ranging. Radar is a detection system used to locate and identify objects. Simply put, radar is the process in which radio waves are emitted from the source of the system; those waves ricochet off objects in their path, and the radar system detects the echoes of signals that return.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"One would think that so important a contribution to the world’s technology would be chronicled with great care at every step†¦This, unfortunately, is not the case, and for reasons quite understandable† (Page 14). Sometimes history can be hard to distinguish from truth and legend, the history of radar is no exception. Many contributions have been made to the development of radar over the years. For many years prior and during the Second World War, radar was considered a top-secret military tool. Once it was made public, people used the existing information about radar to come up with their own variations for different applications. As a result, the true origin of radar has become blurred within conflicting claims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Radar can be traced back as far as 1832 when British physicist Michael Faraday suggested the existence of an electromagnetic field between certain objects from his scientific observations. Working from these ideas, British physicist James Clerk Maxwell predicted mathematically the existence and behavior of radio waves in 1873. In 1886, physicist Heinrich Hertz from Germany and Elihu Thomson from America confirmed the existence of radio waves with demonstrations showing examples of reflection, refraction, and direction finding of radio waves. By 1904, Christian Hulsmeyer, a German inventor, applied for a patent for a device that used radio waves in a collision-avoidance device for ships.

Free College Essays - Indifference in The Stranger by Albert Camus :: The Stranger The Outsider

Indifference in Camus’  The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚     Albert Camus’ novel, The Stranger, examines what happens to a passive man when mixed in a murder.   During the trial of the main character, Meursault, the prosecutor examines Meursault’s normal behavior as callous and cold.   In order for the prosecutor to have a case in the reader’s mind, Camus must create the past that the trial calls for.   Camus shows a passive man, and the way that he deals with normal life occurrences.   Camus must create a portrait of indifference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Meursault is talking to Raymond Sintes, a neighbor of his, Raymond tells his tales of violence and asks Meursault for advice.   Meursault seems withdrawn during his time with Raymond.   Raymond had actually asked Meursault into his room so that he may ask Meursault’s opinion: â€Å"because I was a man, I knew about things, I could help him out, and then we’d be pals.†Ã‚   (Camus, 29)   Meursault remains quiet in the conversation, but eventually does speak up: â€Å"I didn’t say anything, and he asked me again if I wanted to be pals.   I said it was fine with me: he seemed pleased.†Ã‚   (Camus, 29)   It really made no difference to Meursault if he was stated as a friend of Raymond’s or not.   The way that Meursault does not contribute to the conversation and that it is just â€Å"fine with [him]† to be friends creates an image of indifference.   This image continues to grow as Raymond continues to talk to Meursault.   Raymond goes on to tell of his problems with women, and Meursault still remains silent.   After his Raymond’s confessions are over he once again thanks Meursault for being a pal: â€Å"I didn’t mind being his pal, and he seemed set on it.† (Camus, 33) Once again, Meursault’s attitude makes it seem that he doesn’t really care if he is Raymond’s pal.   It has no effect of him, but it will help out Raymond, so he’ll be his pal.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Meursault is asked to deal with serious relationship questions and issues, he shows his indifference again.   Because Meursault becomes romantically involved with Marie, she eventually asks him if he loves her, â€Å"I told her it didn’t mean anything but that I didn’t think so.† (Camus, 35) This seems to be a very cold response to a question that is taken seriously, but M was telling the truth.   It didn’t really matter to him.

Genetically Modified Food Speech Essay

Attention Material :How awesome would it be if your pet glowed in the dark? Or your family had a zebra-dog? How about a family dog that could take out the entire neighborhood in one lick? Now how about owning this dairy cow? Looks normal but its not. All these animals have been genetically modified and their genes have been altered. The cow is injected with a growth hormone rBGH to increase it’s milk production, only problem, that hormone has been found to cause different types of cancers as well as a number of other health hazards. This hormone has been banned in Canada and Europe but sadly in American this hormone linked to 3-4x higher cancer rates was approved by the FDA in 1993 after the consumer tested it for 90 days on 30 rats. Today, we are seeing the long-term affects of drinking this potent milk. Before the genetically modified food explosion only 1:11 individuals had cancer, today 1:2 men and 1:3 woman will develop cancer and nearly half of you can expect it in your lifetime. Today 2/3rds of all foods in your local grocery store are GM and in 2013 it will have raised to 90%. The problem here is that GM foods are hardly ever tested before consumed, they have a number of associated health problems and they are not labeled so you cant pick to not eat them or not. Credibility Material: I have always been interested in GM organisms but a few years ago my professor at IU intreguied me with the effects of GM foods. Today, I’ve done countless hours of research on the subject and wrote many papers about it. Thesis Statement: Today I want to inform about GM foods Preview: Today I want to inform you about GM foods, what they are and why we should push for labeling of GM foods in our grocery. Transition: To begin, allow me to inform you about GM foods. BODY I. GM foods are everywhere but what are they? Are they good, bad, or okay? Should I eat them or should I not? A. Genetically Modified (GM) foods are food items that have had their DNA changed or altered entirely through genetic engineering creating completely different variants. 1. GM products include medicines and vaccines, foods and food ingredients, feeds and fibers. B. GM foods first appeared on the marked in 1990 C. Between 1997-1999 GM food ingredients suddenly appeared in 2/3rds of all U. S. processed foods 1. If you consumed soy sauce with Chinese, popcorn at movie or occasional candy bar you’ve undoubtfully consumed this new food. a. Nearly every American has eaten GM foods but only 26% believe they have. b. No labeling and no regulation 2. â€Å"Potentially, GM could breed new animal and plant diseases, news sources of caner and novel epidemics in human health†, Dr. Wald, Prof of Biology at Harvard University. Transistion: Now that we know what GM foods are, lets discuss the health concerns associated with them. II. There are extensive health hazards that have been shown to be caused by modified foods. A. Study done in 1999 showed GM foods have decreased levels of vital nutrients- esp. those that protect us from heart disease and cancer. B. Modified proteins exist in GM foods, new proteins never before eaten by humanity. 1. Foreign GM ingredients produce allergies a. 25% of Americans have mild adverse RXNs to foods and at lease 4% have life threatening allergies to food. b. Soy allergies have doubled since GM soy introduced. â€Å"c. No labeling of GMO in foods and people experience allergies they were unaware of-Anaphylatic shock 2. In last decade, percent of children in U. S. affected by serious food allergies has significantly increased. a. Today 6-8% children under 3 yrs old affected. C. As we ingest transgenic human/animal products there is no real the impact of human evolution. 1. Research mice show increase in birth defects and shorter life spans when feed GM soy. a. Mothers feed GM soy- nearly all babies died (10% died in control) b. Males developed changed testicle color. c. Infertility when feed GM corn. 2. Other animal studies indicate serious health risk associated with GM foods; fertility, immune problems, accelerated aging, insulin regression, changes in major organs and gastroninteitinal region. a. There are more than casual associations between GM foods and adverse health affects b. Confirmed in animal studies-consitancy and association between GM foods and disease 3. Number of autoimmune diseases are enhanced by foreign DNA fragments not fully digested in stomach and intestines a. DNA fragments are abundant in bloodstream. b. Potentially mix with normal DNA. Transition: Considering these factors about GM foods, let me explain why I think it is so very important that these GM crops be labeled. III. In other countries, GM crops are almost always labeled but in the U. S. no GM foods are labeled. A. Unlabeled GM foods can cause serious health problems for those with allergens to it. 1. Most people by a tomato and aren’t worried about their soy allergy but with GM foods and ingredients, soy genes can easily be placed or accidently cross pollunant 2. Many unlabeled GMO’s in our food are causing people to experience allergies they were unaware of- a. It’s possible that they can go into anaphylactic shock. b. DEATH. B. There are no regulated health safety tests. 1. FDA only requests that firms conduct their own test of new GM products a. FDA makes no reviews of those tests. b. No long term effects of eating GM foods. 2. Louis Pribly, an FDA microbiologist explains, â€Å"Companies tailor tests to get the results they need. † C. Why labeling and what you can do. 1. Choose hormone-free beef and rBGH-free Dairy products a. Foods that carry â€Å"USDA-certified organic† label contain no artifical hormones. 2. Lack of labeling of GM foods violates the 1st Amendment of the Constitution, â€Å"Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires added substances to be labeled. † a. Without labels, our public health agencies are powerless to trace problems of any kind back to their original source b. Crisis? c. Why do you think labeling hasn’t occurred yet? Because, the manufacters of GM crops would lose buisness. Would you buy GM foods if you had a choice? Probably not. CONCLUSION Summary Statement:In conclusion, I hope that everyone gained some knowledge towards the effects of genetically modified foods and why it needs to be taken more seriously when involving peoples health. Concluding Statement:â€Å"Its like playing Russian roulette (referring to the lack of testing done on GM foods) with public health, We have became involuntarily guinea pigs in vast genetic experiences,† Louis Pribyl, FDA microbiologist. Be a Voice, Sign a petition for GMO’s labeled in our foods, get the knowledge & protect your future generations. Sign The World Science open letter to all governments calling for GMO’s to be properly labeled in our foods. Who wants to become sick from food they eat? We have the right as Americans to know what is put in our food. Don’t We? Work Cited Works Cited Admin. (2010, Apr 29). GM. org. Retrieved Feb 24, 2011, from Genetically Modified Foods: http://www. gm. org/category/gm-foods/ Batalion, N. (n. d. ). Genetically Modified Food. Retrieved Feb 22, 2011, from Raw-Wisdom. com: http://www. raw-wisdom. com/50harmful. Boston University College of Engineering. (2010, Feb. 12). Low Levels of Antibiotics Cause Multidrug Resistace in ‘Superbugs’. Retrieved Dec. 5, 2010, from Science Daily: http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/02/100211151647. htm GMO Dangers. (2010). Retrieved Feb 24, 2011, from Institute For Responsible Technology: http://www. responsibletechnology. org/ The National Agricultural Library. (n. d. ). (USDA) Retrieved Feb 22, 2011, from United States Department of Agriculture: http://www. nal. usda. gov/.

Human Relations and Communications: Theories Present in Education Today Essay

Human dealings, fundamental inter activitys and talk be the foundation of educational travel. As with around businesses, the rent for strong attractorship and chat is more primal than ever, p machinationicularly beca theatrical role of the growing accountability of maintains and develop systems. In come in to wrench sound at bottom the organizational environment of a cultivate, superintendents, coaches, instructors, p atomic number 18nts, partnership members and disciples moldiness be able to impart in a variety of rough-and-ready modalities (Razik & Swanson, 2010). Behind these modalities argon pityinge kin concepts and intercourse theories that help leaders to obligate decisions found on research that backside help make better their organizational discourse system systems.Over time, the theories stick extinct developed and the ship terminateal of effective communicating piss changed along with the engineering that promotes them. There argon some(prenominal) conversation and charitable relations theories that tramp still be applied wish well a shot given the effective and efficient ship room that educational leaders laughingstock promptly return. Hill mutual Conventional possible action and redbrick Forms of intercourse A possibleness on talk that looks at how fellowship continues confabulation or may add down change the ability to carry is the Interactional Conventional hypothesis (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 132). Society incessantly take ons finished away history. With these changes the ability to give out besides has to change. Over the last twenty eld technology has redefined our idea of how to communicate. As disciples fashion more comfortable with chatting, textual mattering and different bracing forms of communication this has lead teaching to evolve its forms of communication as well.If communication is based on cultural norms then as technology changes the norms of society so must(prenominal) the ability to communicate (Razik & Swanson, 2010, pp. 132-133). New forms of communication argon fashiond solely the time. Technology has intensify communication from the traditional front to face or group conversations to e-mail and loving media. Written letters as communication ease up transformed into instantaneous e-mail communication, which bathroom be received at a moments nonice from a smartphone. fullness of the around widely used forms of communication for college and soaring nurture assimilators is societal media the likes of Facebook (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1).educational leaders have botheres to technology of e-mail and social media, which come across communication more accessible than ever before. wiz of the modern ch all toldenges of educators is how to use technology like Facebook as aneducational stopcock (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1). educational berths have emulated the flexibility of sites like Facebook in entrap to make encyclopaedism and educational communication more accessible for educatees (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 1). Educational cites such as Edmodo and Web 2.0 tummy be used to further pupil education in an off campus efficacy (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 2). These sites likewise provide opportunity for students to communicate with teachers during non- shoal hours where they can ask questions more or less prep atomic number 18dness or that days lesson. This is no different from the traditional face-to-face wholesaler or calling by earphone (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 2). A study do on twenty college students showed that they preferred to use text based communication to face-to-face communication (VanDoorn & Eklund, 2013, p. 6). Just as how students use text-based communication for recreational communication they excessively flavour more comfortable with this form of communication with educators. A useful educational shot used by teachers is the Edmodo website.This site is protrudeed to have the same make up as Facebook moreover it allows teachers and student to communicate about educational topics. Teachers can create groups for students to join where communication can take place at their convenience (Harper, 2010, p. 19). From these groups students can post responses to questions posted by the teacher. Edmodo also allows students access to lessons that they may have confounded from being out of teach (Harper, 2010, p. 20). The site reinforces educational skills of writing, which students have to do in by posting responses, and having them use higher(prenominal) order thinking skills to develop ad hominem responses (Harper, 2010, p. 21). Edmodo is also a great way to assign paperless homework for students.Kristianson McClellands favorable Motives and Intra own(prenominal) Relationship Theories One of the prominent homosexual relation theories that ar still observable in prepares today is the McClelland mixer Motives theory. McClelland none that in that respect are three main social motives that exist in spite of appearance organizations motive, consummation, and affiliation. act refers to the trust for state compete against a standard of excellence (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 112). This is clearly lucid in spite of appearance more or less school sites, because winning educational leaders have the born(p) desire to master and set determinations, visions, and missions for their district or school.There is alship canal a bar set and leaders are motivated to piddle that percentage of student mastery. At Granada primary(a) indoctrinate, in Phoenix, Arizona, there is a sign posted on e actually single door A- 152. Our leaders expect that we give Build a Legacy and continue to achieve A status with 152 overall points needed to prolong that goal, an increase of nine points from the previous year. This is an sharp example of an achievement goal. The leaders at our school use their positional and per sonal might to influence some others, as depict by McClelland as a power motives for leaders. Lastly, the affiliation motive is also quite a evident. The need for affiliation, or a need for positive kindreds within an organization, is one of the most evident theories. Leaders, teachers, students, and community members all desire positive consanguinitys, and that puts leaders in power by building positive bloods. Those that have positive relationships tend to have bring out communication, and as a result, better line performance (Razik & Swanson, 2010).In addition, social relationship theories are highly evident within this school site. Positive interpersonal relationships are key for building a temper of trust in which a spark advance must be consistent with their dustup and actions (Green, 2013, p. 142). When this occurs, stakeholders go forth begin to entree the leader and communicate now. This is evident in some(prenominal) importants open door policy in which faculty members can come freely, without idolise of superiority or negativity, but a reciprocal relationship. This is non limited to the relationship between teachers and leaders at a masteryful school site, but all stakeholders. It is evident that those who maintain positive interpersonal relationships with e rattling(prenominal)one around them have more success in the forkroom.This past year, a teacher that responded negatively to lack of student achievement was reciprocated in the students abilities and motivation to perform for that teacher. Conversely, the teachers that responded positively to the same situation had more student growth. This is seen in Fig.2 of Weiners interpersonal relationship theories and motivation of both parties involved in said communications (Weiner, 2000, p.8). The beliefs about the tariff of other stakeholders, and their subsequent reactions, are very similar as seen in Granada Primarys school achievement information for the 2012-2013 school ye ar. This is important in leading because the same attitude can be applied for principals and their mental faculty. McAdams Cognitive Dissonance Theory, mixerExchange Theory, and Theory Y Communication and human relation theories are very important in the success and act of a school. At the school where I work communication is foggy most of the time with people playing the guessing game. The decision maker (principal) incessantly says one function and does another.This is the Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Lamourex, 1996). This theory makes for a chaotic environment. He also says he is going to ensure that the school dress code is adhered to by the teachers but his actions allow the dress code to be violated without consequences. He is so hesitating that people dont grapple whether to take him seriously or not. In the midst of a meeting, he testament change what he beliefs to match other actions. He also seeks reassurance from others afterward do a difficult decision. He often odors that more seasoned people have more to offer than he does so he looks at them for approval. If he were positive(p) in his ability to lead he would not waver so much. This makes him an futile leader. Presently, the Social Exchange Theory is also used. This theory requires the leader to compare benefits and be of actions. This is beneficial because it forces us to think things through carefully before acting on eachthing. It also helps to ensure we use instructional time wisely in order to make the most of our teaching abilities. era on task is stressed at our school. When we have staff meetings the administrators are constantly tell us to put in the time it will take to scramble down the outcome we desire. Teachers work duplicate hours (before and after school) to make sure students have the particular(a) intervention needed to pass the Standards of teaching (SOL) tests. Along with Communication Theories there are Human Relation Theories present within the sc hool system. giving medication has the belief that staff will do the frolic they are supposed to do. This causes them not to micromanage us. This is an example of Theory Y of the human relations Theories. They mean Individuals will exercise self-direction and sobriety in the service of objectives to which they are (Green, 2013). This allows the teachers to determine free to be creative and do whats best for the students. Operating at a lower place the Y theory puts my administrator on a lower floor the facilitator of information category.He allows the staff to pass the tasks as they see fit as long as it is productive and in the best engagement of the students. This theory is a demonstration of Standard 2, which states An education leader promotes the success of every student byadvocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to student learning and staff professional growth (Green, 2013). McClary organisational and Pygmalion leader s TheoriesAt William J. Clark Middle School organizational theory is used. They do a lot of separate and group interaction with the ultimate goal of every student can learn and be lucky in mind. A focal interest of organization theory must be inevitably be the understanding of how to fig up people and elections in order to to entranceher with accomplish desired ends (Greenwood, 2010, 78). Within the school several meetings occur weekly. Every Tuesday is team up and faculty/departmental meetings. The administration uses the team leaders and department chairs to relay messages to other faculty members. Furthermore, the administrators will sit in on the meetings if there is something they would prefer to personally state on their own or to monitor to make sure that these meetings are being conducted.Tuesday Academy meetings are the whole school meetings that are conducted by the administrators. Then, they have grade level nub are meetings on Wednesdays and grade level content a rea data meetings on Thursdays. The administrators are involved in these meetings on a weekly basis. They often sit and enrol to make sure they are communicating in an crusade to effectively political program for the students. They participate in these meetings as well by providing suggestions, materials, and resources that will allow them to peradventure reach every to increase student success. In every meeting, you have no choice but to communicate and get the job done. Emails are used to communicate betrayly communicate. Also, monthly calendars are printed with important dates on them as a reminder. The school uses different aspects of mass communication to reach the people within the school and the public.The school has various school meetings and events that allows the public to be involved such as the fanny to School Bash, Open House, Parent-Teacher convocation Day, Parent/Academic Nights, Honors and Awards Banquets, PTA, Athletic Banquets, pass and Spring Musicals, an d etc. However, in order to inform the school and the public about what is happening at the school they use various means of communication. They send out emails. The schools website is used to pompousness information. Memo letters are sometimes sent home but not as often in an effort to save paper.Information is displayed on the schools bulletin board. Also, Parentlink is used. The purpose of Parentlink is to inform parents through telephone. This is a great tool for those people who are not tech savvy, dont have access to a computer or the Internet. You can set Parentlink to call all poetry that are stored in the database and the receiver will hear an automated or pre aid message informing them about something pertaining to the school. The favorable thing about this source is that it lets you issue who received the message, if it went to voicemail, or if the number was not a working number, therefore, it needs to be updated in the system. The Pygmalion leadership theory is pu blicly used at William J. Clark Middle School. every week the administrator is required to perform a minimum of 10 contemplations. Therefore, that means they are always in the phratryrooms monitoring instruction. These frequent observations allow the administrator to see strengths and weaknesses in a person. It allows them to see if there is any room for growth.After every observation is done the administrator provides immediate feedback. An individual meeting with each person is scheduled. In these meetings positive feedback is given and negative feedback if necessary. If weaknesses are observed the administrator provides suggestions, resources, and materials for them to improve. The administrators provide themselves as a resource as well. The administrator will fashion model for them what she expects to be done in the classroom from start to finish. She will send them to different teachers to observe. Also, a turn out Institutes for Teachers (SIT) is implemented at the school to serve as a lifeline for untriedlyly and assay teachers. Rogers Miles Resource Model, Likerts accessory Model, and Theory X Saltonstall viewed human relations as the study of people in action. (Razik, & Swanson, 2010, p. 105) Davis explained the term by referring to the interaction of people in all types of endeavor- in business, government, social clubs, schools, and homes. (Razik, & Swanson, 2010, p. 105) Although human relationships have existed since the beginning of time, the art and science of trying to deal with them officially in the work setting is relatively new. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 103) It is important to note the different human relation theories and how they are displayed in schools in order to better understand human relations and communication. Miless human resource model assumes that work is not inherently distasteful and that people want to conduct to a pregnant goal.(Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 104) At Plymouth high school, this theory is displayed by teachers willingness to go the extra mile for students to achieve the goal of improving test scores. umteen teachers say they are not in education to frame a millionaire. They teach because they want to make a difference. Sure we have teachers that scorn the current state of education, but for the most part teachers focus on achieving the goal of educating the youth of tomorrow. Likerts supportive model emphasized the more the members of an organization recover supported, the more they will feel a sense of personal worth and sizeableness in all their interactions and relationships with the organization.(Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 104) The new administrator displays this theory at Plymouth high school. She is very conscious of her efforts of making sure everyone feel valued and supported. She has an open door policy. Teachers can talk to her about their concerns without being panic-struck of any consequences. She makes sure the teachers concerns are intercommunicate in a ti mely manner. During staff meetings, she praises teachers for various accomplishments. She has encouraged teachers collaboration. She has even gone as far-off as allowing teachers to recreate the vision of the school. The new administrator has changed the culture of the school. Teachers are now taking ownership in the school and in the process of achieving its goals. The support that was generated from the principal has now improved the interaction of colleagues throughout the building.Theory X assumes that average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. (Razik & Swanson, 2010, p. 106) some people that are like this must be coerced, harbourled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth effort to achieve objectives. At Plymouth high school, we are struggling with test scores in the CTE department. some(prenominal) of the students do not take the class seriously. The teacher has become complacent, and avoids working to a gre at extent at all cost. He allows the students to control the classroom. The principal walked in on his class watching a movie that did not have any relation to his CTE course. Administration had no choice to put him on an action plan. The action plan spelled out what it would take in order for him to foreclose his job. He responded by completing the wide-cut list of task on the action plan.Heactually planned meaningful lessons. The students are actually learning. It took the threat of him losing his job to get him to actually begin set forth maximal effort. In conclusion, a variety of human relations and communication models must be implemented at school sites to have an effective, efficient organization. Modern communications play a epic role in the implementation of these theories. Many different modalities of communication must be used.Face to face interactions need to hang in interpersonal and motivated. Leadership must carefully weigh the benefits and costs of different co nversations in order to communicate more directly and positively. Communication must be plump for through careful observation and proactive, frequent feedback. Barriers to effective communication must be broken down at all costs to the well being of the school site. When these theories are combined, it is evident that schools are progressing towards new and exciting achievements that will continuously improve education.ReferencesEden, D. (1988). Pygmalion, goal setting, and expectancy Compatible ways to boost productivity. Academy Of Management Review, 13(4), 639-652. inside10.5465/AMR.1988.4307530 Green, R. L., (2013). Practicing the Art of Leadership A Problem-Based improvement to Implementing the ISLLC Standards, Fourth Ed. Boston MA Pearson Education, Inc. Greenwood, R., & Miller, D. (2010). Tackling design anew Getting back to the fancy of organizational theory. Academy Of Management Perspectives, 24(4), 78-88. inside10.5465/AMP.2010.55206386 Harper, A. L. (2010). Social Net working with Edmodo Let your digital footsteps lead the way. Kentucky English Bulletin, 59 (2), 19-21. Lamoureux, E.R. (1996). An experiential approach to teaching communication theories Incorporating contemporary media to polish off theoretical concepts. Razik, T. A. & Swanson, A. D. (2010). Fundamental Concepts of Educational Leadership and Management, Third Ed. Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon. VanDoorn, G. & Eklund, A. (2013). Face to Facebook Social media and the learning and teaching potential of symmetrical, contemporary communication. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 10 (1), 1-2. Weiner, B. (2000). Intrapersonal and interpersonal theories of motivation from an attributional perspective. Educational psychology Review, 12(1), 1-14.